https://www.selleckchem.com/products/SB-525334.html decline. Cognitive reserve attenuated subjective cognitive decline associated risk of developing dementia. This finding suggests the need for greater emphasis on detecting prodromal dementia when older patients having lower cognitive reserve present with subjective cognitive decline. Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) exhibits significant sexual dimorphism in the incidence, etiology, and response to intravesical immunotherapy. Environmental factors such as tobacco use and clinical management issues such as delayed presentation have widely been associated with sex differences in UCB outcomes. Emerging findings from immune checkpoint blockade trials are suggestive of differential outcomes in females compared with males. Sex-specific differences in the way immune system functions and responds to pathogenic insults are well established. As such, an in-depth understanding of the genetic and epigenetic factors contributing to sex-associated differences in response to immunomodulatory therapies is needed urgently for improved management of UCB. To review the associations between patient sex and clinical outcomes, with a focus on the incidence, host intrinsic features, and response to therapies in UCB. Using the PubMed database, this narrative review evaluates published findings froms further attention. Evidence to date supports a multifactorial origin of sexual dimorphism in the incidence and outcomes of UCB. In this review, we highlight the sex-associated host and tumor intrinsic features that may potentially drive differential disease progression and therapeutic response in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. In this review, we highlight the sex-associated host and tumor intrinsic features that may potentially drive differential disease progression and therapeutic response in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Acute abdomen is any acute abdominal condition requiring a quick response. The incidence varies accor