WHO has confirmed that COVID-19 disease is a pandemic on March 11, 2020. The disease is caused by a new virus called SARS-CoV-2. Since, the pandemic was announced around 18,854,287 cases and 708,639 deaths were reported as of August 7, 2020. This review aimed to explore the etiology, pathogenesis, manifestation and complication.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/CX-3543.html  The phylogenetic study showed that SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA virus. The virus is very contagious and has rapidly spread globally. Its unique structure called S glycoproteins help the virus enters in and cause infection in the body. Children's body reacts against SARS-CoV-2 infections through the involvement of innate and adaptive immune system. The clinical manifestation in children is not specific and not determined. However, fever and cough have mostly been profiled. Though the severe condition is rarely reported in children compared with adults, life-threatening complications, and death associated with COVID-19 disease have been documented. Underlying chronic pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, immunosuppression, and obesity significantly contribute to the complications.
  There is a major gap in the literature that addresses parental perception of acquiring a dental home for children with special healthcare needs (CSHCN). The objectives of this study are to assess parental perceptions and challenges in acquiring a dental home for their CSHCN.
 
  Cross-sectional prospective study using a questionnaire.
 
  A total of 302 questionnaires were completed by caregivers. More than 70% of children had developmental delay, 20% had musculoskeletal disabilities, and the rest had respiratory compromise on non-invasive ventilation, learning disability, and visual and hearing disabilities; 75% of the caregivers do not believe pediatricians are qualified to contribute in oral hygiene. Moreover, 70% of children had not had a routine dentist visit in the 12 months preceding the interview. The reasons given for the lack of such visits included the long time of appointments (25%), difficulty in child's mobility (17%), the perception that dental care is expensive (9%), and a lack of dentist experience in dealing with children with special needs (5%). When asked what factors would encourage caregivers to choose a dental home for their children, 63% mentioned quick appointments, followed by dentists specialized in children with special needs (51%), child friendly atmosphere (21%), low cost (26.6%), close to home (20%), and others (6%). Interestingly, the majority of parents (75%) believed that the primary pediatrician of the child should initiate the dental home process.
 
  Despite proper resources, children with special healthcare needs lack proper oral healthcare. This could be attributed to the lack of a dental home. A pediatrician's role is crucial in initiating the process of acquiring a dental home for this special population.
 Despite proper resources, children with special healthcare needs lack proper oral healthcare. This could be attributed to the lack of a dental home. A pediatrician's role is crucial in initiating the process of acquiring a dental home for this special population.
  There is a likelihood of a possible relationship between the concentrations of copper, lead, and mercury and autism. The present review was carried out to determine the relationship between the concentrations of these elements and autism by meta-analysis.
 
  In this study, searching Scopus, PubMed, and Science Direct databases, 18 articles conducted in different countries from 1982 to 2019 were collected. Studies' heterogeneity was investigated using the I
  index. The data were analyzed using R and STATA software.
 
  In these 18 studies, 1797 patients (981 cases and 816 controls) aged 2 to 16 years were examined. Concentration of the samples (blood, hair, and nails) for both case and control groups was evaluated. There was no significant relationship between copper concentration and autism (SMD (95% CI) 0.02 (-1.16,1.20); I
  =97.7%; P=0.972); there was a significant relationship between mercury concentration and autism (SMD (95% CI) 1.96 (0.56,3.35); I
  =98.6%; P=0.006); there was also a significant relationship between lead concentration and autism (SMD (95% CI) 2.81 (1.64,3.98); I
  =97.8%; P=0.000).
 
  There is, nevertheless, a significant relationship between mercury concentration and autism. Thus, the concentration of mercury can be listed as a pathogenic cause (disease-causing) for autism.
 There is, nevertheless, a significant relationship between mercury concentration and autism. Thus, the concentration of mercury can be listed as a pathogenic cause (disease-causing) for autism.
  Tanzania is one of the countries where excessive iodine intake has been reported,to intervene, the identification of possible causes is required. This study aimed to assess iodine status and determine the critical contributors to excessive iodine intakes in schoolchildren aged 8-14 years.
 
  A total of 288 school children were randomly selected in this school-based cross-sectional study in Kinondoni municipality, Tanzania. Household salt samples were analyzed using iodine rapid field test kit while that was collected from retailers/wholesalers by iodometric titration. Spot urine samples were collected and analyzed for iodine levels using a modified microplate method following the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. A lifestyle questionnaire was administered to schoolchildren to assess their eating frequency of discretionary foods and salts.
 
  The mean salt iodine content was 53.94 ± 13.02, and over 90% of household salt was iodized. Median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 401 µg/L indicating excessive iodine intake, and one-third of the children had UIC >500 µg/L. Nearly all school children consume discretionary choices as snacks or part of a meal. Potato chips and fried cassava were the top two discretionary choices consumed with discretionary salt use (67.3%). Potato chips (adjusted odds ratio [AOR=9.04, 95% CI 3.61-22.63]), fried cassava (AOR=11.08, 95% CI 3.45-35.54) and groundnuts consumption for 4-7 days/week (AOR = 0.30 95% CI 0.09-1.0) were significantly associated with iodine intake.
 
  The evidence of excessive iodine intakes observed in previous studies and in this study should alert the policymakers to consider adjustment of the amount of iodine added to salt along with the obligation of reducing discretionary foods and salt intake.
 The evidence of excessive iodine intakes observed in previous studies and in this study should alert the policymakers to consider adjustment of the amount of iodine added to salt along with the obligation of reducing discretionary foods and salt intake.