00; low vermillion border 
  = 0.02; whistling deformity 
  = 0.00) compared to "typical" outcomes. Difference between professionals, patients and laypeople in rank positioning the photographs was not statistically significant (
  = 0.89).
 
  Noses with a smaller nostril and lips containing a whistling deformity were perceived as poorer outcome compared to the "typical" results. Professionals, patients, and laypeople are in agreement when assessing these outcomes.
 Noses with a smaller nostril and lips containing a whistling deformity were perceived as poorer outcome compared to the "typical" results. Professionals, patients, and laypeople are in agreement when assessing these outcomes.Scab (caused by Venturia effusa) is the most important disease of pecan in the southeastern U.S.A. The yield losses in susceptible cultivars, combined with costs of control amount to tens of millions of dollars annually. It is known that fungicide coverage from air-blast sprayers declines with height in the canopy, and conversely, disease severity increases. But how application volume (L/ha) and speed (km/h) affect spray coverage at different heights is unknown. Coverage was quantified using kromekote cards and Vision Pink™ dye at heights of 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5 and 15.0 m in pecan canopies. An orchard air-blast sprayer was operated at 2.4 and 3.2 km/h applying 468, 935 or 1871 L/ha. Nozzles were selected to provide proportionally similar volumes to the upper and lower canopy positions at set speeds. Speeds tested did not affect spray coverage consistently. However, greater volumes resulted in significantly greater spray coverage, but most of that increase was at heights ≤12.5 m. Although there were significant differences among volumes applied at 12.5 m, they were numerically small. Card orientation had a profound effect on spray coverage at heights ≤12.5 m, with most spray being detected on the cards facing horizontally downwards, and least on those facing vertically backwards. The study demonstrates that higher volumes result in more coverage, but the effect declines rapidly with height. If disease control achieved with 470 L/ha is no different (or is more efficacious) compared to >470 L/ha and is the same at higher speeds (3.2 km/h), savings may be possible in terms of operating time and equipment costs.Pinellia ternata is a perennial herbaceous plant, which tubers can be used for anti-inflammatory and has a significant position in Traditional Chinese Medicine (Marki et al. 1987). In April 2020, bacterial stem blight first occurred on P.  https://www.selleckchem.com/CDK.html  ternata in Jingmen City (30°32'N, 111°51'E), Hubei Province, China. In the follow-up investigation, the disease also appeared in plantations of P. ternata in Qianjiang City, Tianmen City. Initial symptoms showed orange-red streak on the stem, then progressed into chlorotic and water-soaked lesions, which caused roots to be necrotic and leaves to stunting, fading, and wilting. In the end, the leaves withered, the stems rotted completely, and the incidence of plant collapse reached 20~30%. To isolate the plant pathogenic bacteria, twenty P. ternata plant samples with distinct chlorotic stem symptoms were obtained from two fields in Jingmen City. Symptomatic samples were cut to 1-cm-long pieces by sterile scalpel, then were streaked onto nutrient agar medium and grow at 28℃ forMicr. 21132120. https//doi.org/10.1099/00207713-52-6-2113 Marki, T., et al. 1987. Planta Med. 53412. Sarkar, S. F., Guttman, D. S. 2004. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 701999. https//doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.4.1999-2012.2004 Weisburg, W. G., et al. 1991. J. Bacteriol. 173697. https//doi.org/10.1128/jb.173.2.697-703.1991 F. F. Wang and Y. J. You contributed equally to this work. The author(s) declare no conflict of interest. Funding National Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System (grant no. CARS-21), Technology R&D Program of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (grant no. D20190015), Science Funds for Young Scholar of Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences (grant no. 2019ZYCJJ01), Key R&D Program of Hubei Province (grant no. 2020BCA059), Key Technology R&D Projects of Hubei Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center (grant no. 2020-620-000-002-04).Flowering cherry (FC, Prunus x yedoensis Matsumura; Somei-yoshino cherry) is an ornamental tree, planted across South Korea and producing stunning flowers in spring. The seasonal blooms are annually celebrated during cherry blossom festivals in many locations across the country. The leaf spot disease is among the most common and important diseases affecting FC trees every year, resulting in premature defoliation and reduced flowering of cherry blossoms in the following year. In May 2018, brown spots (2 to 5 mm), circular to irregular and with dark borders were observed on FC leaves in Hadong, Gyeongsangnamdo, South Korea (35°07'48.9"N, 127°46'53.8"E), with a disease incidence of 55%. Single lesions often coalesced and were sometimes perforated, leaving shot holes. Sampled leaves were surface sterilized with 1% NaOCl for 1 min and 70% ethanol for 30 s, and then rinsed twice with sterile distilled water. About 2-mm-long infected leaf pieces from the margins of lesions were put onto water agar (WA, 1.5% agar) pl three times. A fungus with the same morphology as JCK-CSHF10 was recovered from lesions, thus confirming Koch's postulates. E. layuense (syn. E. tobaicum) has been reported as a leaf spot-causing agent on Perilla sp. (Chen et al. 2017) and Camellia sinensis (Chen et al. 2020). To date, there is no report on the occurrence of E. tobaicum from leaf spots on FC. To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. tobaicum causing leaf spot on FC in South Korea.A year of forest health surveys has led to the first detection of Phytophthora ramorum in Del Norte County followed by the first wildland detection of the EU1 clonal lineage (Grunwald et al. 2009) of this pathogen in California. In July 2019, leaves were sampled from two tanoaks (Notholithocarpus densiflorus) and 16 California bay laurels (Umbellularia californica) in Jedediah Smith State Park in Del Norte County, the northernmost coastal County of California. Leaves displayed lesions normally associated with Sudden Oak Death (SOD) caused by P. ramorum and were discovered during the citizen science-based survey known as SOD Blitz (Meentemeyer et al. 2015). Samples were surface sterilized using 75% Ethanol and plated on PARPH-V8 agar (Jeffers and Martin 1986). After plating, DNA was extracted and amplified using two P. ramorum-specific assays (Hayden et al. 2006, Kroon et al. 2004). Leaves from two tanoaks exhibiting twig die-back had typical SOD lesions along the midvein, gave positive PCR results and yielded cultures with colony morphology, sporangia and chlamydospores typical of the NA1 lineage of P.