https://www.selleckchem.com/products/4-Methylumbelliferone(4-MU).html Deletion of VmGP showed significantly reduced pathogenicity compared with the wild type. VmGP deletion mutants showed more sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide. Apple leaves inoculated with Vm-milR37 overexpression transformants and VmGP deletion mutant displayed increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species compared with the wild type. Thus, Vm-milR37 plays a critical role in pathogenicity by regulating VmGP, which contributes to the oxidative stress response during V. mali infection. These results provide important evidence to define the roles of milRNAs and their corresponding target genes in pathogenicity. Since palatal temporary skeletal anchorage devices (TSADs) have become important tools for orthodontic treatment, this narrative review was aimed to provide an updated and integrated guidelines for the clinical application of palatal TSADs. A narrative review article including researches on palatal TSADs in orthodontics related to anatomy, success rate and clinical application. The anatomical characteristics, success rate and its consideration factors and clinical application of palatal TSADs based on the direction of tooth movement were evaluated. To improve the stability of TSADs, hard tissue factors such as bone depth, cortical bone thickness, bone density and soft tissue thickness were evaluated. Anatomically risky structures, including the nasopalatine foramen, canal and the greater palatine foramen, nerve, vessel need to be identified before placement. The success rate of palatal TSADs was greater than that of the buccal inter-radicular space. Palatal TSADs have been used for various purposes because they can control tooth movement in all directions and, three-dimensionally; their applications include the retraction of anterior teeth, protraction of posterior teeth, distalization, intrusion, expansion and constriction. They can be applied directly or indirectly to the lingual arch or t