Mangosteen, a fruit mainly produced in Southeast Asia, has been used as food and as an antipyretic and for treating skin diseases. The xanthones contained in mangosteen have many physiological activities including melanin suppression and anticancer activities, but little is known about the physiological effects of the most abundant xanthone, α-mangostin (α-MG) on myoblasts. In this study, we applied α-MG to C2C12 cells that had been induced to differentiate using 2% HS, and analyzed the physiological action of α-MS and the underlying mechanism in the context of myogenic differentiation. α-MG increased the survival rate of C2C12 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Analysis of the morphological changes in the cells showed that α-MG significantly enhanced the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts, whereas the mitochondrial number was only slightly affected. Expression analysis of differentiation-related proteins in C2C12 cells revealed that α-MG promoted the expression of MyoD and Myogenin. Thus, the present study revealed that α-MG improves the survival and myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts.Many plasma membrane proteins enter cells by clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE). Rab family small GTPases play pivotal roles in CIE and following intracellular trafficking of cargo proteins. Here, we provide evidence that TBC1D24, which contains an atypical Rab GAP domain, facilitates formation of tubular recycling endosomes (TREs) that are a hallmark of the CIE cargo trafficking pathway in HeLa cells. Overexpression of TBC1D24 in HeLa cells dramatically increased TREs loaded with CIE cargo proteins, while deletion of TBC1D24 impaired TRE formation and delayed the recycling of CIE cargo proteins back to the plasma membrane. We also found that TBC1D24 binds to Rab22A, through which TBC1D24 regulates TRE-mediated CIE cargo recycling. These findings provide insight into regulatory mechanisms for CIE cargo trafficking.Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with hepatocyte injury, excessive oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation in fatty liver, and can progress to more severe liver diseases, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, currently there are no effective therapies for NASH. Marine carotenoid, fucoxanthin (Fx), abundant in brown seaweeds, has variable biological properties, such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-obesity. However, the effect of Fx on the development of NASH has not been explored. We investigated the protective effects of Fx in diet-induced NASH model mice fed choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined high fat diet (CDAHFD). Fx administration significantly attenuated liver weight gain and hepatic fat accumulation, resulting in the alleviation of hepatic injury. Furthermore, the Fx-fed mice, not only exhibited reduced hepatic lipid oxidation, but also decreased mRNA expression levels of inflammation and infiltration-related genes compared to that of the CDAHFD-fed mice. Moreover, fucoxanthinol and amarouciaxanthin A, two Fx metabolites exerted anti-inflammatory effects in the liver via inhibiting the chemokine production in hepatocytes. In case of fibrosis, one of the features of advanced NASH, the expression of fibrogenic factors including activated-hepatic stellate cell marker was significantly decreased in the liver of Fx-fed mice. Thus, the present study elucidated that dietary Fx not only inhibited hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation but also prevented early phase of fibrosis in the diet-induced NASH model mice.eIF2α phosphorylation-mediated translational regulation is crucial for global repression of translation by various stresses, including the unfolded protein response (UPR) in eukaryotes. Although translational control during UPR has not been extensively investigated in S. cerevisiae, Hac1-mediated production of long transcripts containing uORFs was shown to repress the translation of histidine triad nucleotide-binding 1 (HNT1) mRNA. The present study showed that uORF3 is required for HNT1 expression, as well as down-regulating HNT1 translation. Translation initiation by uORF3 is inefficient, with uORF3 having a strong Kozak sequence efficiently repressing the translation of HNT1. We propose that leaky scanning of uORF3 is responsible for the downregulation of HNT1 during UPR.Modern radiotherapy delivery systems and treatment strategies are aimed at limiting the irradiation of healthy structures in the head and neck. This seeks to mitigate post-treatment toxicities and complications such as osteoradionecrosis of the jaw. Given the changes to radiotherapy, conventional workflows for the management of patients requiring dentoalveolar surgery may no longer be suitable. It may therefore be appropriate to revisit current treatment algorithms for the management of patients with radiotherapy to the jaws who require dentoalveolar surgery. At present, there are poor data on this. Development of a randomised trial may be warranted to establish the true relative risk for extraction of teeth in the setting of modern radiation therapy delivery systems.Objective Avoidance of iatrogenic injury to the facial nerve is crucial during ear surgery. The anatomical relationship between the tympanic portion of the facial canal (FC) and the mastoid portion of the facial nerve was analyzed using multi-slice computed tomography (CT) scans to avoid iatrogenic facial nerve injury. Methods In total, 364 ears of 351 patients who underwent CT scans were enrolled. The 364 ears were divided into two groups 281 ears with middle ear inflammation (MEI) and 83 ears without middle ear inflammation (non-MEI).  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sn-38.html  The anatomical relationship between the tympanic portion of the FC and mastoid portion of the facial nerve was analyzed on multi-slice CT images. The ears were categorized into three subgroups based on the course of the mastoid portion of the facial nerve to the tympanic portion of the FC ("lateral running course", LRC), "on the tympanic line course" (OL), and "medial running course" (MRC). The proportions of ears in each subgroup were compared between the MEI and non-MEI groups.