gnancy patients for their proper follow up and referral to higher speciality centres. Motivational enhancement therapy is characterized as a directive, client-centered intervention which helps in modification of behavior by helping subjects in identifying and resolving the ambivalence toward a change in self. In order to free one from the vicious cycle of the alcohol trap one needs self-efficacy, which serves a protective role to prevent from relapses. The study aims to assess and compare the effectiveness of MET on the self-efficacy of individuals pre and posttest with control design were applied. A total of 40 subjects, alcohol-dependent persons fulfilling International classification of Diseases-10 criteria were selected through purposive sampling method from Outdoor and Indoor Service of Psychiatry Department IMS BHU, Varanasi, were randomly divided into two groups. 1 group 20 subjects were given motivational enhancement therapy session for 10 sessions along with treatment as usual (MET + TAU), whereas 2 group control group were given treatment as usual (TAU) at the end of intervention post level of self-efficacy were measured through self-efficacy scale. Modified Kuppuswamy Socioeconomic Status Scale, Alcohol use disorder identification test, Self-Efficacy Scale as tools were used. The result shows that the mean value of self-efficacy in (MET + TAU) group before intervention was 56.30 ± 2.99 and mean value of self-efficacy in (MET + TAU) after intervention was 60.75 ± 2.65 which shows significant difference is found in self-efficacy after intervention. Motivational enhancement therapy tries to decrease ambivalence so as to enhance the change in the subject's self-efficacy which assists the individuals in abstinence from alcohol. Motivational enhancement therapy tries to decrease ambivalence so as to enhance the change in the subject's self-efficacy which assists the individuals in abstinence from alcohol. Monitoring adequacy of salt iodization at consumption level and exploring the reasons for inadequacy, especially in marginalized communities, is crucial to achieve the target coverage of universal salt iodization. To assess the iodine content of salt used at household level, related awareness and practice of respondents and their socio demographic correlates. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the slums of Burdwan Municipality in 2019. A total of 330 households were selected by cluster sampling. Salt iodine content was estimated at household level semi-quantitatively by Iodine testing kit, following recommended guidelines. One respondent from each household was interviewed to assess their awareness and practice regarding iodized salt. Kruskal Wallis test, Mann Whitney U test and Multivariable logistic regression was used. All 330 households were using iodized salt; 77.6% were consuming adequately iodized and 22.4% were consuming inadequately iodized salts. Only 30.9% of the respondents were aware about the importance of iodized salt, few had correct practice despite inadequate knowledge and none, except one, practiced adding salt at the end of cooking. Awareness and practice were associated with caste and age of the respondents, respectively. Keeping salt container near the oven, adjusting for keeping salt in uncovered container, significantly predicted inadequate level of iodization [AOR 6.17 (95% CI 2.68-14.26)]. Inadequate iodization, lack of awareness regarding iodized salt and faulty storing practices amounting to increased risk of inadequate iodization are still prevalent emphasizing the need, in policy, for health education. Inadequate iodization, lack of awareness regarding iodized salt and faulty storing practices amounting to increased risk of inadequate iodization are still prevalent emphasizing the need, in policy, for health education. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis and a very common disease of elderly. It is one of the leading causes of disability. The present study was conducted to estimate the burden of the knee OA among rural elderly. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 randomly selected elderly resident of rural Ballabgarh, Haryana. A semi-structured interview schedule was used by a trained investigator for face-to-face interview, clinical examination of knee using American College of Rheumatology criteria, and quality of life assessment using WHOQOL-BREF. Almost two-third of the participants among 454 elderly recruited, suffered from knee OA (292, 64.3%) had knee OA. History of a knee injury, a family history of knee pain, current physical activity and smoking status were found to be significantly associated with knee OA, in multivariate logistic regression model. Elderly suffering from knee OA had significantly lower quality-of-life scores contrasted to those not ( -value < 0.001). The scores were significantly lower for all the domains ( -value <0.001) among elderly suffering with the knee OA, with the maximum effect seen in psychological, and physical domain. Rural elderly of Ballabgarh, Haryana, had a high burden of knee OA. Elderly suffering from knee OA had significantly lower perception of their quality of life most affected is the psychological and physical domains of quality of life. Rural elderly of Ballabgarh, Haryana, had a high burden of knee OA. Elderly suffering from knee OA had significantly lower perception of their quality of life most affected is the psychological and physical domains of quality of life. This study was intended to document the clinical profile and treatment outcome of West syndrome in children attending a tertiary care centre in Northern India. Data were collected by a retrospective chart review of children diagnosed with West syndrome between January 2017 to January 2018. Information was recorded pertaining to the age at onset and presentation, etiology, and associated co-morbidities; results of electroencephalography (EEG) and neuroimaging; treatment given; and final outcome. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Zileuton.html The following drugs were used for treatment ACTH ( = 7), prednisolone ( = 17), vigabatrin ( = 25), sodium valproate ( = 28), clonazepam ( = 30), and levetiracetam ( = 13) and modified Atkins diet ( = 7). The response was categorized as spasm cessation, partial improvement (>50% improvement), or no improvement. Records of 30 children (21 boys) were analyzed. The median (IQR) age at onset was 4 (3, 6.5) months. The median (IQR) lag time to treatment was 5 (2,14) months. Eight (26%) were premature, 2 (7%) were small for gestational age, birth asphyxia in 56%, neonatal encephalopathy in 62%.