Axillary bromhidrosis is a widespread social problem in our society. Various modalities have been developed for the destruction or removal of the apocrine sweat glands to eliminate underarm odor. However, conventional surgical treatments often result in a high complication rate and frequent recurrence. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of refined tumescent liposuction-curettage with pruning in small incisions as treatment for axillary bromhidrosis. Between July 2013 and April 2019, 110 patients (75 women and 35 men) with axillary bromhidrosis underwent refined tumescent liposuction-curettage with pruning. The results of eliminating underarm odor were evaluated by both the patients and doctors and rated as very satisfied (excellent), satisfied (good), slightly satisfied (fair), and not satisfied (poor). Postoperative complications, such as dehiscence, infection, wound contracture, cyst, subcutaneous hydrops, hematoma, or seroma, were also evaluated. Preoperative and postoperative histological examinations of axillary tissues were performed in two patients. In the subjective evaluation of 110 patients, 33 (30.0%) were very satisfied with the results, 70 (63.6%) were satisfied, and seven (6.4%) were slightly satisfied. The objective evaluation showed that 43 (39.1%) patients graded the results as excellent, whereas others graded the results as good. No serious complications occurred, except three patients with slight local subcutaneous hydrops and hematoma. Histologic examinations showed that the apocrine glands were significantly decreased or destroyed after the surgery. Refined tumescent liposuction-curettage with pruning in small incisions is an effective method for the treatment of axillary bromhidrosis.Secretory carcinomas are low-grade translocation-driven carcinomas occurring in patients over a wide age range. These tumors most frequently arise in the breast and salivary gland, but may occasionally arise at other anatomic sites, such as the skin, the thyroid gland or the upper or lower respiratory tract. In concert with their low-grade morphology, secretory carcinomas most often follow an indolent clinical course. However, rare cases have shown dedifferentiation (also known as high-grade transformation) and aggressive clinical behavior. To date, the dedifferentiated component in all molecularly confirmed cases of secretory carcinoma has taken the form of a high-grade carcinoma. Here we present a case of an ETV6-NTRK3 fusion-positive secretory carcinoma of the breast with sarcomatous dedifferentiation. The sarcomatous component showed an infantile or adult fibrosarcoma-like morphology including a herringbone fascicular pattern and a hemangiopericytic vascular pattern. By immunohistochemistry, the sarcomatous component showed focal CD34 immunoreactivity and loss of all of the markers expressed in the conventional secretory carcinoma component, including SOX10, S100, GATA-3, AE1/AE3 and E-cadherin. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed that the sarcomatous component retained the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion, but also acquired homozygous deletion of CDKN2A. The tumor followed an aggressive clinical course and the patient eventually succumbed to her disease 14 months after diagnosis. The histomorphologic and molecular genetic features of this tumor are discussed, including its ability to mimic kinase-rearranged infantile or adult fibrosarcomas at extramammary sites and the theragnostic importance of its distinction from conventional metaplastic spindle cell carcinomas in the breast.A large number of archaea live in hyperthermophilic environments. In consequence, their proteins need to adopt to these harsh conditions, including the enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of their membrane ether lipids. The enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the first ether bond in these lipids, geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate synthase (GGGPS), exists as a hexamer in many hyperthermophilic archaea, and a recent study suggested that hexamerization serves for a fine-tuning of the flexibility - stability trade-off under hyperthermophilic conditions. We have recently reconstructed the sequences of ancestral group II GGGPS enzymes and now present a detailed biochemical characterization of nine of these predecessors, which allowed us to trace back the evolution of hexameric GGGPS and to draw conclusions about the properties of extant GGGPS branches that were not accessible to experiments up to now. Almost all ancestral GGGPS proteins formed hexamers, which demonstrates that hexamerization is even more widespread among the GGGPS family than previously assumed. Furthermore, all experimentally studied ancestral proteins showed high thermostability. Our results indicate that the hexameric oligomerization state and thermostability were present very early during the evolution of group II GGGPS, while the fine tuning of the flexibility - stability trade-off developed very late, independent of the emergence of hexamerization.Increases in minimum air temperatures have facilitated transitions of salt marshes to mangroves along coastlines in the southeastern United States. Numerous studies have documented mangrove expansion into salt marshes; however, a present-day conversion of oyster reefs to mangrove islands has not been documented. Using aerial photographs and high-resolution satellite imagery, we determined percent cover and number of mangrove patches on oyster reefs in Mosquito Lagoon, FL, USA over 74 years (1943-2017) by digitizing oyster reef and "mangrove on oyster reef" areas. Live oyster reefs present in 1943 were tracked through time and the mangrove area on every reef calculated for seven time periods. There was a 103% increase in mangrove cover on live oyster reefs from 1943 (6.6%) to 2017 (13.4%). Between 1943 and 1984, the cover remained consistent (~7%), while between 1984 and 2017, mangrove cover increased rapidly with a 6% year-1 increase in mangrove area on oyster reefs (198% increase). In 1943, 8.7% of individual reefs had at least one mangrove patch on them; by 2017, 21.8% of reefs did. Site visits found at least one mature Avicennia germinans on each tracked mangrove reef, with large numbers of smaller Rhizophora mangle, suggesting the post-1984 mangrove increases were the result of increased R. mangle recruitment and survival. Escalation in the coverage and number of mangrove stands on oyster reefs coincided with a period that lacked extreme freeze events. The time since a temperature of ≤-6.6°C (A.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mizagliflozin.html  germinans mortality threshold) and ≤-4°C (R. mangle mortality threshold) were significantly correlated with the increased ratio of mangrove areaoyster area, total mangrove area, and number of mangrove patches, with greater variation explained by time since ≤ -4°C. The lack of freezes could lead globally to an ecosystem shift of intertidal oyster reefs to mangrove islands near poleward mangrove range limits.