Basel before its initial reported emergence in Switzerland in March 2020.Toddlerhood, the period from 12 to 36 months, represents striking changes in children's development. Along with mastery of skills such as walking, talking, self-feeding, sleeping through the night, and bowel and bladder control, toddlers strive for autonomy as they learn to regulate their emotions. Toddlers' increasing autonomy impacts feeding behavior and may increase or restrict their food exposures. Baby-led weaning, allowing infants to participate in the family meal by selecting food and feeding themselves, exposes children to the family diet. Food neophobia, a normal developmental phase whereby children reject novel foods, may limit children's exposure to high-quality foods. Food preferences formed during toddler and preschool years often persist into adulthood, making toddlerhood an ideal time to help children build healthy habits. Toddlerhood can be both joyful and challenging as children acquire new skills and assert their autonomy. Effective parenting practices include providing age-appropriate structure and opportunities for toddlers, reading toddler's signals, and responding promptly, appropriately, and with nurturance. Responsive parenting ensures that toddlers receive the guidance and nurturant care needed to develop healthy feeding behavior and emotional well-being.Physical activity (PA) can improve physical, mental, cognitive, and brain health throughout the lifespan. During preadolescent childhood, the benefits of PA for cognitive health have been widely studied, with evidence indicating enhanced executive control, improved academic performance, and adaptation in underlying brain structure and function. Across school age children, the predominant literature has focused on preadolescent children, with a comparatively smaller body of evidence in adolescent children. Yet, preliminary findings suggest improvements in verbal, numeric, and reasoning abilities as well as academic achievements. Further, benefits of PA are also rarely examined in preschool children. Consequently, lack of standardization across studies has led to various approaches in the measurement of PA and fitness. However, since implementing tools that objectively quantify active play, PA has been related to better executive function, language acquisition, and academic achievement. Despite evidence that PA promotes cognitive and brain health during development, a growing number of schools have minimized PA opportunities across the school day. The minimization of PA along with several other factors, including lack of active commuting to school, nutrition transition, and availability of electronic devices, for example, has reduced children's physical and mental health. Accordingly, today's children have become increasingly inactive, which affects public health and contributes to educational concerns. By dedicating time to active play, sports, physical education, and other forms of PA, children are best positioned to thrive in both the physical and cognitive domains.Sterol-C4-methyl oxidase (SC4MOL) deficiency was recently described as an autosomal recessive cholesterol biosynthesis disorder caused by mutations in the MSMO1 (sometimes also referred to as SC4MOL) gene. To date, 5 patients from 4 unrelated families with SC4MOL deficiency have been reported. Diagnosis can be challenging as the biochemical accumulation of methylsterols can affect global development and cause skin and ocular pathology. Herein, we describe 2 siblings from a consanguineous Turkish family with SC4MOL deficiency presenting with psoriasiform dermatitis, ocular abnormalities (nystagmus, optic hypoplasia, myopia, and strabismus), severe intellectual disability, and growth and motor delay. We undertook whole-exome sequencing and identified a new homozygous missense mutation c.81A>C; p.Asn27Thr in MSMO1. Segregation analysis in all available family members confirmed recessive inheritance of the mutation. The siblings were treated with a combination of oral and topical statin and cholesterol which resulted in clinical improvement. This study demonstrates how genomics-based diagnosis and therapy can be helpful in clinical practice.The rapid rise in obesity in toddlers and young children (aged 0-5 years) is a major concern for public health globally. Understanding risk factors for obesity in the early years is therefore fundamental to help guide parents, educators, and health care professionals caring for young children and to develop preventative strategies. Most research has focused on biological risk factors, which can be broadly categorized as genetic predisposition, poor diet (and the behaviors that influence excessive food intake), insufficient physical activity, and the role of developmental factors in early life that influence long-term health. The latter includes establishment of dietary habits and dietary patterns in young (preschool) children and the effect of a high protein intake on the increasing risk of later obesity. Other risk factors particularly relevant to young children include inadequate sleep, high consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks, and large food portions. Understanding the causes of obesity in preschool children is particularly important in view of long-term detrimental consequences of obesity in this age group on the risk of obesity and cardiometabolic disease in adults. The present chapter reviews causes of obesity in preschool children and its consequences for long-term health, focusing particularly on modifiable nutritional risk factors.Over the past decades, Brazil has faced important challenges regarding the nutrition of toddlers. Changes in dietary intake and feeding habits switched the scenario from undernutrition to increased rates of overweight and obesity.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bismuth-subnitrate.html  Determinants related to that issue involve the disparity in income distribution, the structure of food production and access, and the role of programs and policies, mostly related to its historical context. The feeding of Brazilian toddlers is characterized by low consumption of fruits, vegetables, and fiber, and high and early intake of fried foods, salty snacks, and sugar. Skipping important meals, e.g., breakfast, and poor snacking habits are also important practices related to excess weight. Integrated actions aiming to establish healthy eating habits in children must involve families, schools, governments, and food industry. Exploring the variety of fruits and vegetables available in the country helps to provide a healthy nutrition environment. Increasing the availability of nutrient-dense foods in the home environment improves the quality of food directed to children.