doi10.2105/AJPH.2020.305707).In suckling mammals, the onset of solid food ingestion is coincident with the maturation of the gut barrier. This ontogenic process is driven by the colonization of the intestine by the microbiota. However, the mechanisms underlying the microbial regulation of the intestinal development in early life are not fully understood. Here, we studied the co-maturation of the microbiota (composition and metabolic activity) and of the gut barrier at the suckling-to-weaning transition by using a combination of experiments in vivo (suckling rabbit model), ex vivo (Ussing chambers) and in vitro (epithelial cell lines and organoids). The microbiota composition, its metabolic activity, para-cellular epithelial permeability and the gene expression of key components of the gut barrier shifted sharply at the onset of solid food ingestion in vivo, despite milk was still predominant in the diet at that time. We found that cecal content sterile supernatant (i.e. containing a mixture of metabolites) obtained after the onset of solid food ingestion accelerated the formation of the epithelial barrier in Caco-2 cells in vitro and our results suggested that these effects were driven by the bacterial metabolite butyrate. Moreover, the treatment of organoids with cecal content sterile supernatant partially replicated in vitro the effects of solid food ingestion on the epithelial barrier in vivo. Altogether, our results show that the metabolites produced by the microbiota at the onset of solid food ingestion contribute to the maturation of the gut barrier at the suckling-to-weaning transition. Targeting the gut microbiota metabolic activity during this key developmental window might therefore be a promising strategy to promote intestinal homeostasis.Purpose The aim of the study was to explore the experiences of foot health and the factors that hinder or facilitate foot health self-care in patients with RA.Materials and methods A descriptive qualitative study design was used. Individual interviews were conducted with patients who had been diagnosed with RA (n = 20). The interview data were analysed using inductive content analysis.Results The participants highly valued their foot health. The factors that hindered their foot health included physical characteristics (such as the progression of RA), personal traits (such as lack of motivation), inequalities in access to professional foot care and problems with finding suitable shoes. The factors that facilitated their foot health included professional care, physical activity and practising foot self-care.Conclusions Patients with RA value their foot health. It is important to identify the factors that hinder or facilitate this in order to support their rehabilitation and respond to their foot-health needs. Patients' foot health should be promoted, and equal access to professional foot care should be provided.Implications for rehabilitationActive foot self-care supported by professional health are facilitating factors for foot health.Maintaining and promoting physical activity is integral part of foot health.Regular assessments of foot health in patients with RA in addition to an evaluation of their footwear and education about caring for their own feet is needed.Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent joint condition that continues to increase with an ever-aging population and the rising tide of obesity. There are multiple recommendations/guidelines for the management of osteoarthritis.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ldn193189.html  The basis of management should focus on self-management and education, lifestyle modifications, exercise and when appropriate, weight loss. Pharmacotherapy is targeted toward pain palliation with no agents available presently to target prevention and disease modification. The selection of pharmacotherapy should be tailored to the individual, taking into account of personal preferences and interactions with underlying co-morbidities. This editorial provides a guide to the selection process of presently available pharmacotherapy in osteoarthritis.It is thought that there are not enough mechanical ventilators in the U.S. for every patient who may need one during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. However, there is no analysis that measures the potential magnitude of the problem or proposes a solution. In this paper, I combine the pandemic forecasting model used by the federal government with estimates of ventilator availability from the literature to assess the expected shortage under various scenarios. I then propose that the federal government organize a national effort for ventilators to be exchanged between states to take advantage of the inter-temporal differences in demand peaks. I evaluate versions of this proposal, including use of the national stockpile, to estimate the number of lives that could be saved, and observe that it is potentially substantial. In the absence of other viable solutions, the government should begin this effort in earnest, and if not, preparations should be made for such coordination should the country face another pandemic in the future. [Editor's Note This Fast Track Ahead Of Print article is the accepted version of the peer-reviewed manuscript. The final edited version will appear in an upcoming issue of Health Affairs.].Background Lymphedema results from inadequate lymphatic function due to failure of lymphatic development or injury to a functioning lymphatic system. Patients suffer enlargement of the affected area, psychosocial morbidity, infection, and functional disability. The purpose of this study was to characterize the disease in a cohort of patients referred to a specialized center. Methods and Results Our Lymphedema Program database was reviewed for all referrals between 2009 and 2019. Diagnosis was determined based on history, physical examination, and lymphoscintigraphy. Lymphedema type (primary, secondary, and obesity-induced), location of swelling, morbidity, previous management, accuracy of referral diagnosis, the geographic origin of the patients, and treatment in our center were analyzed. Seven hundred patients were referred with a diagnosis of "lymphedema"; 71% were female and 38% were children. Lymphedema was confirmed in 71% of the cohort primary (62%), secondary (22%), and obesity-induced (16%). Twenty-nine percent of individuals labeled with "lymphedema" had another condition.