https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sar439859.html Modeling efforts could help predict case scenarios and select a proper design and approach, while BES-based biosensing could help monitoring remediation processes. In this review, we critically analyze in situ BES applications for groundwater remediation, focusing in particular on different proposed setups, and we identify and discuss the existing research gaps in the field. Biological desulfurization technology is a sustainable process for the sulfide removal from biogas, which has multiple advantages. In this study, a biological sulfide removal (BISURE) system was established to investigate the working performances and process mechanisms. The results showed that the sulfide removal rate was 2.30 kg-S/(m3 d), the sulfide removal efficiency was higher than 98%, the sulfur production rate was 1.76 kg-S/(m3 d), the sulfur selectivity was 75.02 ± 3.63% and the main form of products (sulfur compounds) was Rosickyite-S and S8. The performance of BISURE system was supported by the dominant genus (abundance more than 60%) of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) which shifted to Thiovirga at the high SLR. The sqr and dsrA genes could serve as the indicators for the pathway of two-step sulfide oxidation, i.e. "partial sulfide oxidation (PSO, sulfide → sulfur)" and "complete sulfide oxidation (CSO, sulfur → sulfate)". The sulfur selectivity was improved by enhancing PSO and inhibiting CSO with the indication of two genes. The cellular sulfur secretion was revealed, and the "outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs)-dependent" sulfur-secreting hypothesis was proposed to explain the transportation of elemental sulfur from inside to outside of SOB cells. The findings of this work provide a new perspective to understand the sulfur selection of sulfide bio-oxidation and the sulfur secretion of SOB cells so as to promote the development of biological desulfurization technology. Chemicals policies have spawned a wide range of regulations aimed at