https://www.selleckchem.com/products/blasticidin-s-hcl.html Unique pressures impact trauma intensive care unit (TICU) nurses in their provision of care for severely injured patients. When it becomes clinically obvious that these patients may not survive, TICU nurses must continue life-saving measures while at the same time consider a palliative care consultation. In order to facilitate this referral, TICU nurses need to have the appropriate knowledge, attitude, and confidence in doing so. The purpose of this study is to refine an instrument that aims to support this process. A convenience sample of 42 respondents completed the Knowledge, Attitudinal, and Experiential Survey on Advance Directive (KAESAD). Domains with the highest Cronbach's alpha value were "professional attitudes" (α = .995) and "clinical experiences" (α = .999). Reliability assessments suggest that most domains of the instrument have strong internal consistency, and with a larger sample size, future studies may elucidate how nurse educators can use this instrument to target areas for continuing education. Reliability assessments suggest that most domains of the instrument have strong internal consistency, and with a larger sample size, future studies may elucidate how nurse educators can use this instrument to target areas for continuing education. Surgical management of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) involving motor cortex or fibre tracts (M-AVMs) is challenging. This study aimed to construct a classification system based on nidus locations and anterior choroidal artery (AChA) feeding to pre-surgically evaluate motor-related and seizure-related outcomes in patients undergoing resection of M-AVMs. A total of 125 patients who underwent microsurgical resection of M-AVMs were retrospectively reviewed. Four subtypes were identified based on nidus location (I) nidus involving the premotor area and/or supplementary motor areas; (II) nidus involving the precentral gyrus; (III) nidus involving the cort