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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/S31-201.html Chemical speciation is a relevant topic in environmental chemistry since the (eco)toxicity, bio (geo)chemical cycles, and mobility of a given element depend on its chemical forms (oxidation state, organic ligands, etc.). Maintaining the chemical stability of the species and avoiding equilibrium disruptions during the sample treatment is one of the biggest challenges in chemical speciation, especially in environmental matrices where the level of concomitants/interferents is normally high. To achieve this task, strategies based on chemical properties of the species can be carried out and pre-concentration techniques are often needed due to the low concentration ranges of many species (μg L-1 - ng L-1). Due to the significance of the topic and the lack of reviews dealing with sample preparation of metal (loid)s (usually, sample preparation reviews focus on the total metal content), this work is presented. This review gives an up-to-date overview of the most common sample preparation techniques for environmental samples (water, soil, and sediments), with a focus on speciation of metal/metalloids and determination by spectrometric techniques. Description of the methods is given, and the most recent applications (last 10 years) are presented.Considering the low sensitivity of cytological exams and high costs of the molecular methods, the development of diagnostic tests for effective diagnosis of HPV infections is a priority. In this work, biosensor composed of polypyrrole (PPy) films and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was obtained for specific detection of HPV genotypes. The biosensor was developed by using flexible electrodes based on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) strips coated with indium tin oxide (ITO). Polymeric films and AuNPs were obtained by electrosynthesis. Oligonucleotides sequences modified with functional amino groups were designed to recognize HPV gene families strictly. The modified oligonucleotides were chem

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